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Ovarian Cysts

As a woman releases an egg from her ovary, a small cyst is formed. These are called physiological ovarian cysts and occur from puberty right through to menopause. Assessment of ovarian cysts involves initially distinguishing between a physiological (normal) or...

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are crystal deposits from urine that build up to form a solid stone. They usually form silently in the kidneys and often do not cause symptoms until they start to pass from the kidneys to the bladder. As they pass, they may cause abdominal, loin or back...

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of parts of the pelvic organs, usually the vaginal wall or the uterus. Vaginal prolapse on the front wall of the vagina is called a cystocele as the bladder lies immediately above the front wall of the vagina. A prolapse on the...

Circumcision

Circumcision is the excision of the foreskin, the retractable fold of skin that covers the head of the penis. It is a treatment option for a tight foreskin (phimosis) where it is difficult to retract the foreskin over the head of the penis. Phimosis often causes pain...

Prostate Assessment

The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in front of the rectum. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. A normal prostate weighs around 20 to 30 grams and is approximately the size of a large walnut. It tends to...