Blood in the urine, or haematuria, is a concerning symptom that should never be ignored. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages and genders. Here’s what you need to know about this condition, including the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
What are the causes of blood in the urine?
Blood in the urine can be a sign of a serious medical condition, or it can be a result of a less severe issue.
1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
UTIs are a common cause of blood in the urine. UTIs occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract and cause an infection. Along with blood in the urine, UTIs can also cause a burning sensation during urination, frequent urination, and cloudy urine. UTIs can be easily treated with antibiotics, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a UTI.
2. Kidney stones are another common cause of blood in the urine. Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain and discomfort. Along with blood in the urine, kidney stones can also cause severe pain in the back, side, or groin, as well as nausea and vomiting. Small kidney stones can often pass on their own, but larger stones may require medical intervention.
3. Enlarged prostate
In men, an enlarged prostate can cause blood in the urine. An enlarged prostate can put pressure on the urethra, which can cause blood to appear in the urine. Other symptoms of an enlarged prostate include difficulty urinating, a weak urine stream, and frequent urination. Treatment for an enlarged prostate may include medication or surgery.
4. Bladder or kidney cancer
Blood in the urine can also be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer. Other symptoms of bladder or kidney cancer may include pain in the lower back or abdomen, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible.
5. Medications
Certain medications, such as blood thinners, can cause blood in the urine. If you are taking any medications and notice blood in your urine, it is important to speak with your doctor.
Symptoms of Blood in Urine:
The most obvious symptom of haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, which can range from pinkish to dark red in colour. Other symptoms may include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, and an urgent need to urinate.
What are the investigations for haematuria?
If you suspect that you are passing blood in your urine, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Your GP or urologist may recommend further investigation to determine the underlying cause.
Urinalysis
The first step in investigating blood in the urine is a urinalysis. A urinalysis is a simple test involving analysing a laboratory urine sample. The test can detect the presence of blood in the urine, as well as other abnormalities such as bacteria or protein. Depending on the urinalysis results, your doctor may recommend further testing.
Imaging tests
Imaging tests can help identify any abnormalities in the urinary tract that may be causing blood in the urine. The most common imaging tests used to investigate blood in the urine are ultrasound and CT scans. These tests can provide detailed images of the urinary tract, allowing your doctor to identify tumours, stones, or other abnormalities.
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is a procedure that involves using a small camera to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra. During the procedure, a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the urethra and passed into the bladder. The camera allows the doctor to identify abnormalities causing blood in the urine, such as tumours or infections.
Biopsy
In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to investigate blood in the urine. A biopsy involves removing a small piece of tissue from the bladder or kidney and examining it under a microscope. A biopsy can help diagnose conditions such as bladder or kidney cancer.
Blood tests
Blood tests can help identify any underlying medical conditions causing blood in the urine. For example, your doctor may recommend blood tests to check your kidney function and screen for conditions such as lupus or sickle cell anaemia.
Treatment of Blood in Urine:
The treatment for haematuria depends on the underlying cause. If the cause is a minor infection or injury, your doctor may recommend rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. More serious conditions, such as cancer or kidney stones, may require surgery or other treatments.
Prevention of Blood in Urine:
While some causes of haaematuria cannot be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing this condition. These include:
- Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of fluids can help prevent urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
- Practising good hygiene: Wiping front to back after using the restroom can help prevent the spread of bacteria that can cause infections.
- Avoiding high-risk activities: Contact sports and heavy lifting can increase your risk of developing kidney injuries that can lead to haematuria.
- Quitting smoking: Smoking is a risk factor for bladder cancer, which can cause haematuria.
Conclusion:
Passing blood in the urine can be a frightening experience, but it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of haematuria can be successfully managed. By taking steps to reduce your risk of developing this condition, you can help protect your urinary system and overall health.
Author: Mr Neil A Haldar MBBS MD FRCS
Consultant Urological Surgeon
The Pelvic Specialists